短期 memory (STM) is a crucial component of human cognition, allowing individuals to temporarily store and manage information necessary for various tasks. Typically, short-term memory can hold about 7 (plus or minus 2) items at a time, a concept known as Miller’s 法律, which was proposed by psychologist George A. Miller in 1956.
Information in short-term memory is retained for a brief duration, usually ranging from 15 to 30 seconds, unless actively rehearsed or encoded into 長期記憶. This type of memory is essential for daily activities, such as remembering phone numbers long enough to dial them or recalling a grocery list while shopping.
短期記憶のプロセスにはいくつかの段階があります。最初に、感覚情報が感覚を通じて知覚され、一時的に感覚記憶に保持されます。注意が特定の刺激に集中すると、その情報は短期記憶に転送されます。リハーサルは、情報を繰り返すメンテナンスリハーサルや、新しい情報を既存の知識に結びつけるエラボレーティブリハーサルのいずれかであり、情報を長く保持したり長期記憶に移したりするのに役立ちます。
短期記憶は 作業記憶, although the two terms are often used interchangeably. Working memory involves not just the temporary storage of information but also the manipulation and processing of that information for cognitive tasks. It plays a critical role in reasoning, comprehension, and learning.
Understanding short-term memory is vital in various fields, including education, psychology, and neuroscience, as it impacts how people learn and retain new information.